Cardiac Diagnostic Tests

New and advanced diagnostic tests and tools are constantly being introduced to further understand the complexity of disease, injury, and congenital or acquired abnormalities. The following are just a few of the diagnostic tests that have been used/are being used to further understand and identify cardiovascular disease. For more specific information, consult your cardiologist or physician.

• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
  A test that records the electrical activity of the heart, shows abnormal rhythms (arrhythmias or dysrhythmias), and detects heart muscle damage.
  
  
• Signal Average Electrocardiogram (SAE)
  A test that is much like an ECG, but takes longer because it records more information.
  
  
• Stress Test (usually with ECG; also called treadmill or exercise ECG)
  A test that is given while a patient walks on a treadmill or pedals a stationary bike to monitor the heart during exercise. Breathing and blood pressure rates are also monitored. A stress test may be used to detect coronary artery disease, and/or to determine safe levels of exercise following a heart attack or heart surgery.
  
  
• Echocardiogram (also known as echo)
  A noninvasive test that uses sound waves to produce a study of the motion of the heart's chambers and valves. The echo sound waves create an image on the monitor as an ultrasound transducer is passed over the heart.
  
  
• Transesophageal Echocardiogram (TEE)
  A test in which a small transducer is passed down the esophagus to provide a clearer image of heart structures.
  
  
• Coronary Arteriogram (or Angiogram)
  With this procedure, x-rays are taken after a contrast agent is injected into an artery - to locate the narrowing, occlusions, and other abnormalities of specific arteries.
  
  
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan
  A nuclear scan that gives information about the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the heart muscle.
  
  
  • PET F-18 FDG (Fluorodeoxyglucose) Scan
    A glucose scan sometimes done immediately after the PET scan to determine if heart muscle has permanent damage.
    

• Thallium Scans or Myocardial Perfusion Scans
  
  
• Resting SPECT Thallium Scan or Myocardial Perfusion Scan
  A nuclear scan given while the patient is at rest that may reveal areas of the heart muscle that are not getting enough blood.
  
  
• Exercise Thallium Scan or Myocardial Perfusion Scan
  A nuclear scan given while the patient is exercising that may reveal areas of the heart muscle that are not getting enough blood.
  
  
• Persantine Thallium Scan or Myocardial Perfusion Scan
  A nuclear scan given to a patient who is unable to exercise to reveal areas of the heart muscle that are not getting enough blood.
  
  
• MUGA Scans/Radionuclide Angiography (RNA) Scans
  
  
  • Resting Gated Blood Pool Scan (RGBPS), Resting MUGA, or Resting Radionuclide Angiography
    A nuclear scan to see how the heart wall moves and how much blood is expelled with each heartbeat, while the patient is at rest.

Exercise Gated Blood Pool Scan, Exercise MUGA, or Exercise Radionuclide Angiography
A nuclear scan to see how the heart wall moves and how much blood is expelled with each heartbeat, just after the patient has walked on a treadmill or ridden on a stationary bike.

• Holter Monitor
  A small, portable, battery-powered ECG machine worn by a patient to record heartbeats on tape over a period of 24 to 48 hours - during normal activities. At the end of the time period, the monitor is returned to the physician's office so the tape can be read and evaluated.
  
  
• Event Recorder
  A small, portable, battery-powered machine used by a patient to record ECG over a long period of time. Patients may keep the recorder for several weeks. Each time symptoms are experienced, the patient presses a button on the recorder to record the ECG sample. As soon as possible, this sample is transmitted to the physician's office by telephone hookup for evaluation.
  
  
• Tilt Table Test
  A test performed while the patient is connected to ECG and blood pressure monitors and strapped to a table that tilts the patient from a lying to standing position. This test is to determine if the patient is prone to sudden drops in blood pressure or slow pulse rates.
  
  
• Electrophysiology Study
  A test in which insulated electric catheters are placed inside the heart to study the heart's electrical system.
  
  
• Cardiac Catheterization
  A test in which a small catheter (hollow tube) is guided through a vein or artery into the heart. Dye is given through the catheter, and moving x-ray pictures are made as the dye travels through the heart. This comprehensive test shows: narrowings in the arteries, outside heart size, inside chamber size, pumping ability of the heart, ability of the valves to open and close, as well as a measurement of the pressures within the heart chambers and arteries.

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